In 2023, Russia’s offensive war in Ukraine and global geopolitical tensions continued to impact Kesko’s operating environment. Especially in the early parts of the year, accelerated inflation and rising interest rates led to a rise in costs and diminished consumer purchasing power. Fluctuations in the availability and price of energy also continued. Economic uncertainties weakened consumer confidence and impacted purchase decisions. Our keys to dealing with the weaker economy included ensuring price competitiveness, efficient cash flow management, accelerating inventory turnover, and measures to adjust costs and prevent credit losses.